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In children, narcissistic withdrawal may be described as 'a form of omnipotent narcissism characterised by the turning away from parental figures and by the fantasy that essential needs can be satisfied by the individual alone'.〔Margaret Rustin, ''Psychotic States in Children'' (1997) p. 17〕 For adults, 'in the contemporary literature the term narcissistic withdrawal is instead reserved for an ego defense in pathological personalities'.〔(Martine Myquel, "Narcissistic Withdrawal" )〕 Such narcissists may feel obliged to withdraw from any relationship that threatens to be more than short-term. ==Psychoanalysis== Freud used the term 'to describe the turning back of the individual's libido from the object onto themselves....as the equivalent of narcissistic regression'.〔 On Narcissism saw him explore the idea through an examination of such everyday events as illness or sleep: 'the condition of sleep, too, resembles illness in implying a narcissistic withdrawal of the positions of the libido on to the subject's own self'.〔Sigmund Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' (PFL 11) p. 76〕 A few years later, in '"Mourning and Melancholia"...Freud's most profound contribution to object relations theory',〔James Grotstein, in Neville Symington, ''Narcissism: A New Theory'' (London 2003) p. xi〕 he examined how 'a withdrawal of the libido...on a narcissistic basis' in depression could allow both a freezing and a preservation of affection: 'by taking flight into the ego love escapes extinction'.〔Freud, ''Metapsychology'' p. 57-8 and p. 267〕 Otto Fenichel would extend his analysis to borderline conditions, demonstrating how 'in a reactive withdrawal of libido...a regression to narcissism is also a regression to the primal narcissistic omnipotence which makes its reappearance in the form of megalomania'.〔Otto Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (London 1946) p. 419-20〕 For Melanie Klein, however, a more positive element came to the fore: 'frustration, which stimulates narcissistic withdrawal, is also...a fundamental factor in adaptation to reality'.〔Quoted in Pearl King/Riccardo Steiner, ''The Freud-Klein Controversies'' (1992) p. 802〕 Similarly, 'Winnicott points out that there is an aspect of withdrawal that is healthy', considering that it might be '"helpful to think of withdrawal as a condition in which the person concerned (child or adult) holds a regressed part of the self and nurses it, at the expense of external relationships"'.〔J. Abram/K. Hjulmand, ''The Language of Winnicott'' (2007) p. 45 and p. 293〕 However, from the mid-20th century onwards, attention has increasingly focused on 'the case in which the subject appeals to narcissistic withdrawal as a defensive solution...a precarious refuge that comes into being as a defense against a disappointing or untrustworthy object. This is found in studies of narcissistic personalities or borderline pathologies by authors such as Heinz Kohut or Otto Kernberg'.〔 Kohut considered that 'the narcissistically vulnerable individual responds to actual (or anticipated) narcissistic injury either with shamefaced withdrawal or with narcissistic rage'.〔Brian W. Shaffer, ''The Blinding Torch'' (1993) p. 151〕 Kernberg saw the difference between normal narcissism and ' ''pathological narcissism''...() withdrawal into "splendid isolation"'〔Salman Akhtar, ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'' (2009) p. 190〕 in the latter instance; while Herbert Rosenfeld was concerned with 'states of withdrawal commonly seen in narcissistic patients in which death is idealised as superior to life', as well as with 'the alternation of states of narcissistic withdrawal and ego disintegration'.〔John Steiner/Herbert A. Rosenfeld, ''Rosenfeld in Retrospective'' (2008) p. 66 and p.95〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Narcissistic withdrawal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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